Distribución de grupos filogenéticos, factores de virulencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en cepas de Escherichia coli uropatógena / Distribution of phylogenetic groups, virulence factors and antimicrobial susceptibility in strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Resumen Introducción: La diferencia entre los aislados patógenos y comensales de Escherichia coli se fundamenta en sus antecedentes filogenéticos. En Venezuela son escasos los estudios que describen el potencial patogénico de los grupos filogenéticos en E. coli. Objetivo: Relacionar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, distribución de los grupos filogenéticos y genes de virulencia en cepas de E. coli uropatógena (ECUP) aisladas de pacientes con infección del tracto urinario. Materiales y Métodos: Se estudiaron 17 cepas de ECUP, aisladas de pacientes adultos hospitalizados en dos instituciones de salud. La susceptibilidad frente a ocho antimicrobianos se determinó por el método de microdilución en caldo (MDC). Las β-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y carbapenemasas fueron detectadas fenotípicamente. Los grupos filogenéticos y la detección de los genes de virulencia se determinaron por reacción de polimerasa en cadena. Resultados: Todas las cepas sintetizaban BLEE y de éstas, 41% se asoció a la producción de una carbapenemasa (KPC o MBL). El filogrupo B2 (41%) fue predominante. Los genes de virulencia más frecuentes fueron fimH y fyuA con 82% cada uno. Sólo un aislado clasificado en el filogrupo F fue positivo al conjunto de seis genes estudiados. Discusión: La diversidad de asociaciones entre genes de virulencia y perfiles de resistencia, en las cepas ECUP evolucionan continuamente. Además, su distribución en los distintos grupos filogenéticos depende en gran medida de las características clínico epidemiológicas de los grupos de estudios.

Abstract Background: The difference between the pathogenic isolates and commensals of Escherichia coli is based on their phylogenetic antecedents. In Venezuela there are few studies that describe the pathogenic potential of phylogenetic groups in E. coli. Aims: Relate antimicrobial susceptibility, distribution of phylogenetic groups and virulence genes in strains of uropathogenic E. coli (ECUP) isolated from patients with UTI. Methods: We studied 17 ECUP strains, isolated from adult patients hospitalized in two health institutions. The susceptibility to 8 antibiotics was determined by the broth microdilution (MDC) method. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and carbapenemases were phenotypically detected. The phylogenetic groups and the detection of the virulence genes were determined by PCR. Results: All strains synthesized ESBL and of these, 41% were associated with the production of a carbapenemases (KPC or MBL). The phylogroup B2 (41%) was the most predominant. The most frequent virulence genes were fimH and fyuA with 82% each. Only one strain from group F was positive to the 6 genes studied. Discussion: The diversity of associations between virulence genes and resistance profiles in the ECUP are evolving continuously, their distribution in the different phylogenetic groups depends to a large extent on the clinical epidemiological characteristics of the study groups.

Curli fimbria: an Escherichia coli adhesin associated with human cystitis

Abstract Escherichia coli is the major causative agent of human cystitis. In this study, a preliminary molecular analysis carried out by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) demonstrated that 100% of 31 E. coli strains isolated from patients with recurrent UTIs (urinary tract infections) showed the presence of the curli fimbria gene (csgA). Curli fimbria is known to be associated with bacterial biofilm formation but not with the adhesion of human cystitis-associated E. coli. Therefore, this work aimed to study how curli fimbria is associated with uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) as an adhesion factor. For this purpose, the csgA gene was deleted from strain UPEC-4, which carries three adhesion factor genes (csgA, fimH and ompA). The wild-type UPEC-4 strain and its mutant (ΔcsgA) were analyzed for their adhesion ability over HTB-9 (human bladder carcinoma), Vero (kidney cells of African green monkey) and HUVEC (human umbilical vein) cells in the presence of α-D-mannose. All the wild-type UPEC strains tested (100%) were able to adhere to all three cell types, while the UPEC-4 ΔcsgA mutant lost its adherence to HTB-9 but continued to adhere to the HUVEC and Vero cells. The results suggest that curli fimbria has an important role in the adhesion processes associated with human UPEC-induced cystitis.

Quinolone resistance and ornithine decarboxylation activity in lactose-negative Escherichia coli

Quinolones and fluoroquinolones are widely used to treat uropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Bacterial resistance to these antimicrobials primarily involves mutations in gyrA and parC genes. To date, no studies have examined the potential relationship between biochemical characteristics and quinolone resistance in uropathogenic E. coli strains. The present work analyzed the quinolone sensitivity and biochemical activities of fifty-eight lactose-negative uropathogenic E. coli strains. A high percentage of the isolates (48.3%) was found to be resistant to at least one of the tested quinolones, and DNA sequencing revealed quinolone resistant determining region gyrA and parC mutations in the multi-resistant isolates. Statistical analyses suggested that the lack of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity is correlated with quinolone resistance. Despite the low number of isolates examined, this is the first study correlating these characteristics in lactose-negative E. coli isolates.

Occurrence of genes encoding enterotoxins in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates

To determine the presence of some toxins of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), 138 urinary tract infection (UTI)-causing UPECs were analyzed. The astA, set, sen and cdtB genes were detected in 13 (9.4%), 2 (1.3%), 13 (9.4%) and 0 (0%) of UPEC isolates respectively. The results show that some genes encoding toxins can be transferred from DEC pathotypes to UPECs therefore these isolates can transform into potential diarrhea-causing agents.

Steroidogenesis-related gene expression in the rat ovary exposed to melatonin supplementation

OBJECTIVE: To analyze steroidogenesis-related gene expression in the rat ovary exposed to melatonin supplementation. METHODS: Thirty-two virgin adult female rats were randomized to two groups as follows: the control group GI received vehicle and the experimental group GII received melatonin supplementation (10 µg/night per animal) for 60 consecutive days. After the treatment, animals were anesthetized and the collected ovaries were immediately placed in liquid nitrogen for complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarray analyses. A GeneChip¯ Kit Rat Genome 230 2.0 Affymetrix Array was used for gene analysis and the experiment was repeated three times for each group. The results were normalized with the GeneChip¯ Operating Software program and confirmed through analysis with the secondary deoxyribonucleic acid-Chip Analyzer (dChip) software. The data were confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Genes related to ovarian function were further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: We found the upregulation of the type 9 adenylate cyclase and inhibin beta B genes and the downregulation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element modulator and cytochrome P450 family 17a1 genes in the ovarian tissue of GII compared to those of the control group. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that melatonin supplementation decreases gene expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which changes ovarian steroidogenesis. .

Prevalence of papC and usp Virulence Factors in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Causing Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infections in Adolescents.

Aims: To determine the prevalence of two virulence genes associated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli; papC gene of the P fimbriae for adherence to uro-epithelial cells and usp (uropathogen-specific protein) gene, a Vibrio cholerae toxin gene homologue. Study Design: Cross sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology and the Clinical Analysis Laboratory, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, between October 2011 and February 2012. Methodology: Escherichia coli isolates (n= 149) from an adolescent population of ages 13- 18 years (from a total sampled population of 85 males and 64 females) were screened for papC and usp, using specific primers for the two genes in polymerase chain reactions. Results: The usp gene was the most prevalent (72.48%), followed by papC (51.00%) and papC+usp (24.16%). Significant difference (P = .002) was observed between papC and usp and also papC and papC+usp (P < .0001). usp Gene prevalence was also significantly different from that of papC+usp (P < .0001). Conclusion: This study suggests that a higher proportion of strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli implicated in UTI in the studied population possess the usp gene whose protein product potentially serves to reduce competing microbes in the urinary tract.

Pathogenomics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Subset of faecal E. coli that can enter, colonize urinary tract and cause infection are known as uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). UPEC strains act as opportunistic intracellular pathogens taking advantage of host susceptibility using a diverse array of virulence factors. Presence of specific virulence associated genes on genomic/pathogenicity islands and involvement of horizontal gene transfer appears to account for evolution and diversity of UPEC. Recent success in large-scale genome sequencing and comparative genomics has helped in unravelling UPEC pathogenomics. Here we review recent findings regarding virulence characteristics of UPEC and mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of urinary tract infection.

Identification of uropathogenic Escherichia coli clonal group A (CgA) in hospitalised patients

This study provides the first description of healthcare-associated infections with Escherichia coli clonal group A (CgA) isolates in Latin America. Isolates were typed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, E. coli phylogenetic grouping, multilocus sequence typing and fimH single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Out of 42 E. coli hospital isolates studied, three belonged to E. coli phylogenetic group D and ST69 and had fimH sequences identical to that of the CgA reference strain ATCC BAA-457. E. coli CgA is another potential source of resistant infections in hospitals.